上海市郊区大气细颗粒和超细颗粒物中元素粒径分布研究

用同步辐射X荧光光谱分析了上海市郊区大气细颗粒和超细颗粒物（0.028 7～2.40 μm）中元素粒径分布、质量中值粒径、元素相关性和不同粒径颗粒物中的富集因子.Ca、Ti主要分布于粒径>2 μm的颗粒物中,它们之间的相关系数达0.933,富集因子在0.1～3.2之间,且与粒径无明显关联,主要来自土壤扬尘等自然来源.V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cl、S等元素主要分布在0.1～1.0 μm颗粒物中,质量中值粒径在0.56～0.94 μm之间.V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb显著富集,且富集程度随粒径减小而增大.其中Pb在超细颗粒物（<0.1 μm）中的富集因子达2 023.7～2 244.2,远大于在细颗粒和 PM_2.5中的富集程度.这些元素主要来自燃油、燃煤、冶金和机动车尾气等人为污染.Fe在>0.2 μm颗粒物中分布较均匀,质量中值粒径1.3 μm.除了局部污染源,远距离传输对该地区大气颗粒物污染有不可忽略的影响.     

南四湖微山湖区沉积物磷形态分布特征

为了解南四湖污染底泥磷形态分布规律,对南四湖微山湖区0～25 cm沉积物分层进行了磷形态连续提取.结果表明,湖区沉积物中Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Oc-P、Ca-P、De-P和Org-P平均含量分别为5.62、 4.08、 12.25、 13.34、 116.67、 232.36和396.79 mg/kg,不同形态磷含量次序为：Al-P＜Ex-P＜Fe-P＜Oc-P＜Ca-P＜De-P＜Org-P.沉积物中各形态磷含量在垂直方向上呈现明显的规律性,易交换态磷（Ex-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、闭蓄态磷（Oc-P）、有机磷（Org-P）含量随深度增加而逐渐降低,而铝结合态磷（Al-P）、钙结合态磷（Ca-P）、碎屑磷（De-P）含量则呈逐渐增加趋势.Sum1（Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P之和）与上覆水PO^3-₄浓度呈显著正相关,其中Fe-P与水体磷酸盐含量关系相对比较密切,其相关系数高达0.72.沉积物磷形态在空间分布上,Oc-P、Ca-P、De-P 等惰性磷的差异性小于Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P等潜在活性磷,Org-P介于二者之间.     

基质种类对活性污泥絮体性状的影响

利用葡萄糖、淀粉、乙酸钠和苯酚4种典型基质,分别在4个相同的序批式反应器(Sequencing Batch Reactor,SBR)中培养活性污泥,并研究了基质种类对活性污泥絮体性状的影响.结果表明,以葡萄糖为底物培养的活性污泥胞外多糖含量最少,而苯酚所培养的活性污泥胞外蛋白质最多;从形成的EPS总量来看,苯酚最多,乙酸钠次之,葡萄糖和淀粉较少.不同基质培养的污泥Zeta电位也有一定差别,这是由EPS中多糖和蛋白质的比例不同造成的.红外分析表明,4种基质培养的污泥EPS中的主要基团较为相似,羧基、醇羟基、羧酸、酰胺和多聚糖均是EPS中的主要基团.此外,进水基质对活性污泥絮体的粒度分布及分形结构也有重要影响.     

Influence of driving cycles on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of gasoline passenger car in Bangkok

The influence of different driving cycles on their exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rate of gasoline passenger car was investigated in Bangkok based on the actual measurements obtained from a test vehicle driving on a standard chassis dynamometer. A newly established Bangkok driving cycle (BDC) and the European driving cycle (EDC) which is presently adopted as the legislative cycle for testing automobiles registered in Thailand were used. The newly developed BDC is constructed using the driving characteristic data obtained from the real on-road driving tests along selected traffic routes. A method for selecting appropriate road routes for real driving tests is also introduced. Variations of keyed driving parameters of BDC with different driving cycles were discussed. The results showed that the HC and CO emission factors of BDC are almost two and four times greater than those of EDC, respectively. Although the difference in the NOx emission factor is small, the value from BDC is still greater than that of EDC by 10%. Under BDC, the test vehicle consumes fuel about 25% more than it does under EDC. All these differences are mainly attributed to the greater proportion of idle periods and higher fluctuations of vehicle speed in the BDC cycle. This result indicated that the exhausted emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles obtained from tests under the legislative modal-type driving cycle (EDC) are significantly different from those actually produced under real traffic conditions especially during peak periods.     

Combined fluorescence and electrochemical investigation on the binding interaction between organic acid and human serum albumin

Human serum albumin (HSA) is a plasma protein responsible for the binding and transport of fatty acids and a variety of exogenous chemicals such as drugs and environmental pollutants. Such binding plays a crucial role in determining the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and bioavailability of the pollutants. We report investigation on the binding interaction between HSA and acetic acid (C2), octanoic acid (C8) and dodecanoic acid (C12) by the combination of site-specific fluorescent probe, tryptophan intrinsic fluorescence and tyrosine electrochemistry. Two fluorescent probes, dansylamide and dansyl-L-proline, were employed in the displacement measurement to study fatty acid interaction with the two drug-binding sites on HSA. Intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan in HSA was monitored upon addition of the fatty acids into HSA. Electrocatalyzed response of the tyrosine residues in HSA by a redox mediator was used to investigate the binding interaction. Qualitatively, observations made by the three approaches are very similar. HSA did not show any change in either fluorescence or electrochemistry after mixing with C2, suggesting there is no significant interaction with the short-chain fatty acid. For C8, the measured signal dropped in a single-exponential fashion, indicative of independent and non-cooperative binding. The calculated association constant and binding ratio is 3.1×106 L/mol and 1 with drug binding Site I, 1.1×107 L/mol and 1 with Site II, and 7.0×104 L/mol and 4 with the tryptophan site. The measurement with C12 displayed multiple phases of fluorescence change, suggesting cooperativity and allosteric effect of C12 binding. These results correlate well with those obtained by the established methods, and validate the new approach as a viable tool to study the interactions of environmental pollutants with biological molecules.     

崇明东滩海三棱藨草生物硅分布及季节变化

利用Na2CO3连续提取法,分析了崇明东滩海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)体内生物硅(BSi)含量与分布特征.结果表明,BSi在海三棱藨草体内的分布存在明显的季节变化差异,在生物体中连续积累是BSi的一个主要特征.地上部分BSi含量变化范围为0.26% ~ 0.93%,地下部分为0.31% ~ 0.92%,果实中则为0.24% ~0.43%.地上部分含量明显高于其他部分,说明BSi主要沉积在蒸发强烈的叶片中,植株个体生长阶段是决定地上部分BSi含量的主要因素.统计分析显示,根际沉积物BSi和植物各器官BSi相关性均显著,说明海三棱藨草依从主动吸硅机制,从根际沉积物获取所需的Si.地上、地下部分BSi含量与有机氮(ON)、C/N、土壤温度、植株高度也存在明显的相关性.     

流沙湾溶解氧的分布特征及其相关因素的探讨

2008年2月、5月、8月和11月四个航次对流沙湾海水中溶解氧进行详细的调查和研究,同时分别测试其温度、盐度、TOC、COD、叶绿素a等水质指标,通过统计分析,得出流沙湾DO的分布特征,并针对DO与其相关因素之间的关系进行探讨。结果表明:在整个调查海域内,秋冬季溶解氧呈现由外湾向内湾,由南向北逐渐递增的分布趋势;春季溶解氧则呈现由外湾向内湾逐渐递减的分布趋势,站位之间变化幅度较大(4.49～7.71mg/L);夏季内湾和外湾海水中溶解氧的含量较为平均,各站位之间变化幅度较小(5.93～6.99mg/L)。表层海水溶解氧平均含量(6.60mg/L)稍高于底层海水(6.33mg/L)。秋冬季溶解氧的平均含量(7.40mg/L、7.85mg/L)普遍高于春夏(6.26mg/L、6.46mg/L)两个季度,站位7底在四个季度中溶解氧均处于低值区。随着水温升高,氧的溶解度降低,随着盐度升高,溶解氧含量也有下降趋势,冬季和春季的线性关系较为显著。DO和COD随季节变化的规律一致,与TOC的季节变化规律相反。溶解氧与叶绿素a在冬季呈现极显著正相关。春季次之,夏秋两季两者之间不存在相关性。     

气候变化对植物及植被分布的影响研究进展

准确预测气候变化对植物及植被分布的影响趋势对于科学认识气候变化对生物多样性的影响和对策制定具有重要的意义。近年来,气候变化对植物及植被分布影响研究在我国广泛展开。文章对这些研究所采用的气候情景、预测方法和气候变化等对植物及植被分布的影响趋势进行了总结分析,对存在的问题进行了讨论,对未来的趋势提出了若干展望。总体上,目前所用气候情景比较单一、不同预测方法比较研究不够,对土壤和生物因素考虑不充分、涉及植物种类太少。气候变化将使一些植物分布范围减少、甚至消失,而使另一些植物分布范围则会扩大。未来研究应加强气候情景改进和不同方法的比较研究,充分考虑土壤和生物等因子、加强预测方法检验,同时开展植物物种多样性和丰富度对气候变化响应方面的研究。     

南京江北酸雨分布特征及其与气象条件的关系

通过对南京江北区降水酸性及成分进行了全面系统的测定和分析,发现南京江北酸雨大大重于市区,并具有秋高春低,雨水离子浓度高,电导值大,强酸度与高发率同时出现等明显分布特征。气象条件影响主要表现为:大气降水量、气温和相对湿度与酸雨pH和电导值呈反相关,与酸雨频率呈正相关;大气压强与酸雨pH和电导值呈正相关,与酸雨频率呈反相关;风向风速对酸性污染物输送具有明显的引导作用;冬春季节沙尘和灰霾天气入侵对酸雨具有减缓效应。     

人工湿地中影响微生物空间分布因素的探讨

自20世纪70年代以来,人工湿地在污水处理中得到了广泛应用。人工湿地去除污染物主要是微生物的作用,就影响人工湿地中微生物空间分布的因素进行讨论。归结起来,主要包括植物、污水的营养水平、基质、温度等因素。